甘肃鼢鼠和高原鼢鼠身体大小和胎仔数的地理变异及种间差异

NWIPB OpenIR

	甘肃鼢鼠和高原鼢鼠身体大小和胎仔数的地理变异及种间差异
其他题名	Geographical variation and interspecific differentiation of body size and litter size in Gansu Zokor and Plateau Zokor
	张同作
学位类型	博士
导师	苏建平
	2008-06-05
学位授予单位	中国科学院西北高原生物研究所
学位授予地点	西北高原生物研究所
关键词	甘肃鼢鼠(Myospalax Cansus) 高原鼢鼠(Myospalax Baileyi) 身体大小地理变异贝格曼定律比例定律温度海拔降雨量净初级生产量生活史胎仔数景观组成斑块景观指数
摘要	身体大小是生物体最显著的一个特征，与许多生活史特征和生态学特征紧密相关。体重是代替身体大小最常用的指标，但它不仅仅是一个代表物种大小的形态变量，而且还可以对有机体的其它形态特征和生理变量产生重要的影响，甚至决定着有机体的整个命运。但在现实研究中，体重往往存在着季节性变化和波动，从而引起一定的测量误差。与体重不同，骨骼是一个相对稳定的特征，比例定律表明体重与头骨之间存在着显著的相关性，因而，头骨的测量值比体重能更可靠地评价哺乳动物身体大小。动物身体大小的变化通常与环境条件密切相关。贝格曼定律是反映动物身体大小变化最经典的规律，但对该定律的正确性一直受到人们的怀疑。本论文借助同一时期采集的两种鼢鼠超大样本数量，并运用多种数理统计分析方法，分别研究生活在黄土高原和青藏高原的关键地下物种甘肃鼢鼠(Myospalax cansus)和高原鼢鼠(Myospalax baileyi)头骨大小的地理变异，验证贝格曼定律及其经典解释的有效性，并对影响两种鼢鼠身体大小地理变异的环境因子给出合理的解释。甘肃鼢鼠和高原鼢鼠都是典型的适应地下掘土生活的独居物种，高能量的地下挖掘活动限制了它们的运动。因此，这些物种对栖息地景观特征特别敏感，而栖息地景观特征与鼢鼠种群的生存和繁殖息息相关。本论文首次运用地理信息系统（GIS）验证自然景观特征和鼢鼠种群繁殖特征—胎仔数的相互关系，不仅阐明了自然景观特征对繁殖特征的影响作用，而且开辟了小尺度空间特征研究动物宏观生态学特征的创新研究思路。本论文主要得到了以下研究结果和结论： 1. 甘肃鼢鼠主要分布在陕西、甘肃、宁夏南部、青海东部，分布海拔介于1000-3200m之间。高原鼢鼠主要分布在青藏高原，是青藏高原的特有种，具体分布地为甘肃河西走廊以南的祁连山地、甘南高原、青海高原以及四川北部、西部高地，分布海拔介于2800-4600m之间。甘肃鼢鼠和高原鼢鼠的栖息地绝大部分不重叠，仅在2800-3200m的栖息地中有所重叠。 2. 甘肃鼢鼠和高原鼢鼠雌、雄两性头骨大小各变量之间存在显著差异，头骨大小表现出显著的性二型，雄性头骨明显大于雌性头骨。雌、雄两性头骨大小都表现出不同地理区域的显著差异。环境因子对两种鼢鼠两性头骨大小表现出同样的影响作用和趋势，两性头骨大小和海拔存在显著的负相关关系，与温度存在显著的正相关关系。 3. 海拔和温度是影响甘肃鼢鼠和高原鼢鼠头骨大小生长的最主要影响因子，降雨量和净初级生产力（NPP）也对头骨生长有重要影响作用，环境因子的综合作用导致两种鼢鼠头骨大小生长产生较大的地理变异。研究结果同传统的贝格曼定律是相悖的。 4. 甘肃鼢鼠的平均胎仔数为2.10 ± 0.052个，高原鼢鼠的胎仔数平均为3.21 ± 0.068个，两种鼢鼠胎仔数之间存在显著性差异，甘肃鼢鼠胎仔数少于高原鼢鼠。甘肃鼢鼠的胎仔数主要集中在2-3个，以2个最多，而高原鼢鼠的胎仔数主要集中在2-4个之间，以4个最多。 5. 甘肃鼢鼠分布区，中盖度草地、低盖度草地和山地农田在所有样地普遍出现；有林地在8个中的6个取样地出现，但仅仅在3个里面很普遍；平原农田在7个中出现；高盖度草地在4个取样点出现；乡村建筑在所有样地出现，但并不常见。栖息地景观聚集指数和胎仔数之间存在显著的负相关关系，景观镶嵌体聚集度越高，胎仔数越少。胎仔数与总边长、边长密度、景观形状指数之间都存在显著的正相关。 6. 高原鼢鼠分布区，中盖度草地、低盖度草地、平原耕地和山地农田在所有取样地普遍出现，并占有较大的面积；灌丛、高盖度草地和有林地在6个样地中的5个出现，灌丛、高盖度草地在4个里面均很普遍，而有林地并不普遍见到；乡村建筑尽管在在所有样地均出现，但仅占有很小一部分面积；裸地仅仅在2个样地中出现，且所占面积百分比非常小。景观聚集指数和胎仔数之间存在显著的负相关关系，景观镶嵌体聚集度越高，胎仔数则越少；胎仔数与总边长、边长密度和景观形状指数之间都存在显著的正相关关系。
其他摘要	Body size is one of the most significant features of organisms and correlated with a number of life historical or ecological traits. Body mass is often considered as a good indicator of individual body size in animal. Not only is it a common indicator of body size, but it also influence the other formal traits and physiological variables in organisms. Even more, it decides the whole destiny of organisms. In the realistic research, body mass often chang or fluctuate with the seasons and induces some errors of measure. Bone is a relative steady traits differing from body mass. The allometric scaling rule suggestes the significant correlation between the body mass and the skull size, so the value of skull is more reliable than the body mass for evaluating the body size of animal. Variability of animal body size often is correlated with environmental conditions. Bergmann’s rule is a classical rule to responding the variation of body size in animal species, but many scientists provide a lively debate on the validity of Bergmann’s rule. In this dissertation, the geographical variation of skull size in Gansu zokor (Myospalax cansus) and Plateau zokor(Myospalax baileyi), which are key subterranean species leaving in Loess Plateau and Qinghai-tibetan Plateau respectively, were studied with a number of samples gathering incontemporaneity and advanced statistic analysistic methods. While, I testified the validity of Bergmann’s rule and its classical explanation and I gave the rational interpretations of environmental factors influencing the geographical variation of skull size. Gansu zokor and Plateau zokor are typical fossorial rodent and their behaviors and locomotions are restricted by high consuming- energy digging activity. These two species is thus very sensitivity with landscape characteristic of habitat, while landscape characteristic is correlated with life and reproduction of population. I first used GIS to test the relationship between landscape traits and litter size in my thesis. Not only did thesis illuminate the effects about natural landscape characteristic to reproductive traits, but also inaugurate an innovative research thought about animal ecological traits with small scale spacial traits. Major results and conclusion are summarized as follows in this dissertation: 1. Gansu zokor mainly distributes at Shansi province, Gansu province, south of Ningxia municipality and the east of Qinghai province and altitude is 1000-3200m. Plateau zokor mostly lies in Qinghai-Tibetan plateau and is a special species of Qinghai-Tibetan plateau. In detail, Plateau zokor distributes at the Qilian hilly land of the south of Hexi corridor and southern plateau of Gansu province, Qinghai plateau, high hilly lands of west and north in Sichuang province. Often altitude range of Plateua zokor is 2800-4600m. The habitats are few overlapped, except for habitats of 2800-3200m between Gansu zokor and Plateau zokor. 2. There is significant difference of skull size variables between males and females of Gansu zokor and Plateau zokor, so skull size shows sexual size dimorphism and male skull is obvious bigger than female’s. There is significant differecec of skull size variables at the different sites both male and females. Environmetal factors influence skull size of males and females. There is significant negative correlation between skull size and altitude both males and females, while positive correlation between skull size and temperature. 3. Altitude and temperature are the most influence factors to skull growth of Gansu zokor and Plateau zokor, rainfall and NPP also have important influence to skull size. The integration effect of four environmental factors result in variation of skull size in Gansu zokor and Plateau zokor. This research result is contrary with traditional Bergmann’s rule. 4. The mean litter size is 2.10±0.052 and 3.21±0.068 of Gansu zokor and Plateau zokor respectively. There is significant litter size difference between Gansu zokor and Plateau zokor and litter size of Gansu zokor is smaller than Plateau zokor’s. The litter size of Gansu zokor mostly concentrate on 2-3 and litter size equaling 2 is common observed, while the litter size of Plateau zokor mainly concentrate on 2-4 and litter size equaling 4 is often observed. 5. Middle-coverage grassland, low-coverage grassland and Hilly agricultural land were common observed at distribution areas of Gansu zokor. Open forest occurred in six of eight sampling sites but was common in only three sites. Plain agricultural land and high-coverage grassland occurred in seven and four of eitht sites, respectively. Rural resident occurred in all sites but was conmmon in none. Landscape aggregation index was significant negatively correlated with litter size and litter size turned smaller with aggregation scale turning high. Litter size was positively correlated with total edge, edge density and landscape shape indes. 6. Middle-coverage grassland, low-coverage grassland, Hilly agricultural land and Hilly agricultural land were common in all sampling sites of Plateau zokor. Shrubbery, high-coverage grassland and open forest occurred in five of six sampling sites but shrubbery and high-coverage grassland was common in only four sites and open forest was common in none. Bare land was only in two of all sites and occupied small percent. Rural resident occurred in all sites but was conmmon in none. Landscape aggregation index was significant negatively correlated with litter size and litter size turned smaller with aggregation scale turning high. Litter size was positively correlated with total edge, edge density and landscape shape indes.
页数	117
语种	中文
文献类型	学位论文
条目标识符	http://210.75.249.4/handle/363003/3100
专题	中国科学院西北高原生物研究所
推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714	张同作. 甘肃鼢鼠和高原鼢鼠身体大小和胎仔数的地理变异及种间差异[D]. 西北高原生物研究所. 中国科学院西北高原生物研究所,2008.